BACKGROUND: Biomonitoring is an opportunity to develop evidence- and science-based knowledge about potential environmental exposures. While national-level biomonitoring data exist, in New Mexico we lack region- and state-specific data. In order to understand the nature, extent, and magnitude of exposure across a community we aim to recruit a representative sample of that community. However, with minimal funding through the Four Corners States Biomonitoring Consortium, we have relied on more of a convenience sampling method. This analysis evaluates if we are reaching our target populations, which recruitment methods have been successful, and how participants compare to their community.
METHODS: Based on existing data, activities during the past year occurred in a community with a high prevalence of private wells that is known to have high levels of naturally-occurring arsenic in the ground water. Participant recruitment included contacting individuals who: self-identified as interested during a state-sponsored well-water sampling event; own a permitted well; live in the area (door-to-door); and/or other methods, such as attending community events, advertisements, and word-of-mouth. Recruitment was tracked using a database, which included how we knew about the individual, method(s) of contact, and participation outcome. During sample collection events, in addition to providing a urine and water sample, participants completed an exposure assessment questionnaire that includes demographic questions.
RESULTS: Twenty eight percent (28%) of community residents with permitted domestic wells participated. The most successful method of recruitment was sending a mailing and making a follow-up phone call. Forty percent (40%) of permitted well-owners who were contacted in this method participated. About 1 in 5 households we visited in-person volunteered to participate. Other recruitment methods accounted for 37% of the households who participated. Among those who were recruited by other methods, 68% were by word-of-mouth. The median age of the participants was 62 years and the majority were non-Hispanic White (78%) and highly educated (60% with college degree or higher).
CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the response rate satisfied our participant recruitment goal. We learned that mailings need to be followed-up with a phone call, and that door-to-door recruitment, if feasible is worthwhile. We also benefited from word-of-mouth recruitment, which shows the importance of collaborating with community advocates and leaders. For future biomonitoring events we will focus on building stronger local partnerships, make time to establish rapport with potential study volunteers through in-person visits and/or phone calls, and continue to explore opportunities to reach a more diverse sample of the community.